Remember — KANES, KENES and KYNES
alk-A-nes, alk-E-nes and alk-Y-nes are in alphabetical order and have
alkanes – all single C-C bonds
alkenes – one or more double C-C bonds, the rest are single bonds
alkynes – one or more triple C-C bonds, the rest may be any combination of single or double bonds.

Remember — KANES, KENES and KYNES
alk-A-nes, alk-E-nes and alk-Y-nes are in alphabetical order and have
alkanes – all single C-C bonds
alkenes – one or more double C-C bonds, the rest are single bonds
alkynes – one or more triple C-C bonds, the rest may be any combination of single or double bonds.

Remember – Carbon has atomic number = 6 (Atomic mass is 12).
The electron configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P2. This means the 2S and 2P orbitals comprise the outer or valence shell. There are 4 electrons total in this shell 2S2 2P2. By the rule of 8, the “2” shell can hold 8 electrons so this shell can contain an additional 4 electrons provided by other atoms in covalent bonds.

aspirin: C9H8O4 much larger than methane
table sugar: C12H22O11 much larger than methane
salt: NaCl not an organic compound
methane: CH4 – this is the simplest hydrocarbon or organic compound

Household ammonia is an aqueous solution of ammonia in water.
NH3(aq) + H2O = NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Ammonia is a weak rather than strong electrolyte because this reaction runs both ways; ammonia reacts with water to produce ammonium and hydroxide ions, while hydroxide ions react with ammonium ions to produce ammonia and water. The reaction clearly shows that ammonia is a base* because it accepts a hydrogen ion from the water.

HCl dissolved in water: Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid which dissociates completely in water.
vinegar: is a weak acid
pure water: self dissociates to form H2O + H+ + OH-, or H2O + H3O+ + OH- in concentrations of [H+] = [OH-] = 10^-7

form hydroxide ions. – nope – that’s a base
have a negative charge. incorrect – acids break into + and – ions
conduct electricity.correct – acids contribute ions when dissolved in water and the ions can move when an external voltage is applied – so an acid in solution will conduct electricity.

turn blue. –WAIT!– but don’t hold your breath or you WILL turn blue!

a strong acid – dissociates completely when dissolved in water so it contributes the maximum number of ions. The ions are what conducts the electricity

In a neutralization reaction, charged ions combine to form uncharged neutral compounds.

H+ + OH- —–> 2H2O

are in equilibrium. – the definition of a weak acid or for that matter a weak base is that the reaction goes forward and reverse and eventually reaches a point where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

pH = 2: very acidic
pH = 4: still quite acidic
pH = 6: acidic but close to a neutral pH of 7 – so this is the correct answer
pH = 8: slightly basic

pH is defined as minus the log of the H+ concentration. In reality, when water self dissociates, it produces H3O+ hydronium ions. In the early days of chemistry these where thought to be H+ ions. They could just as easily have called it pH3O !

neutral pH 7
strongly acidic pH 1-4
mildly acidic pH 5-6
mildly basic pH 8-11
strongly basic pH 12-14

Oils, olefins, and waxes are usually non-polar. That is why they don’t dissolve in polar solvents such as water. Non-polar means they do not have any significant charge separation Whereas water molecules have a slight charge separation due to the fact that the Oxygen pulls the electrons slightly away from the Hydrogen atoms resulting in a slight + charge on each of the Hydrogens and a slightly larger — charge on the Oxygen.

Recall that a water molecule has a slight charge separation caused by the Oxygen atom pulling the electrons slightly away from the Hydrogen atoms. Then the slight positive charge of the Hydrogens on another water molecule will be attracted to and stick to the negative charge on the Oxygen atom of the first water molecule. This ‘stickiness’ is caused by an electrostatic attraction and is not an orbital sharing covalent bond nor a charge transfer ionic bind. The hydrogen bond is an electrostatic stickiness.

heating the solute: heating causes the molecules to move around more quickly resulting in more opportunities for the solute molecules to contact and interact with the solvent molecules.

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute in 1 litre of water. So the higher the Molarity, the more solute dissolved and the larger the solute concentration.

Do not confuse Molarity ‘M’ with molality ‘m’ which is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent.

exo means out – think exit
exothermic reactions heat goes out of the reactants to the surroundings. Combustion reactions – burning – are examples of exothermic reactions.

endo-
combining form
internal; within.

endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings -example icy-hot pads (well the icy part anyway)